c. 1000 - Artistic style is Romanesque, which is classical and influenced by Byzantine art
Christ - church in Sicily - c. 1100
Most Romanesque art is pictorial and biblical in subject. A great variety of themes
are found including scenes of Creation and the Fall of Man, episodes from the life
of Christ and those Old Testament scenes which prefigure his Death and Resurrection,
such as Jonah and the Whale and Daniel in the lions' den. Many Nativity scenes
occur, the theme of the Three Kings being particularly popular.
The purpose of the sculptural schemes was to convey a message that the Christian
believer should recognize wrongdoing, repent and be redeemed. The Last Judgment
reminds the believer to repent. The carved or painted Crucifix, displayed prominently
within the church, reminds the sinner of redemption.
c. 1020 - Guido of Arezzo creates modern musical notation.
c. 1160s? - Hildegard of Bingen writes the oldest surviving liturgical
morality play: Ordo Virtutum (Order of Virtues).
Link → Secular Music of the High Medieval period
c. 1150s - Gothic art and architecture begins.
Gothic art has romantic qualities like fantasy, magic and mystery
Simone Martini (1284 - 1344)
The first universities are founded in Bologna and Paris.
Construction begins on Notre Dame de Paris in 1170s.
1170 - 1310 - Ars Antiqua (The "Old Art")
The Medieval music of Europe during the High Middle Ages, between approximately
1170 and 1310. This covers the period of the Notre Dame school of polyphony (the
use of multiple, simultaneous, independent melodic lines), and the subsequent years
which saw the early development of the motet, a highly varied choral musical
composition.
Usually the term "ars antiqua" is restricted to sacred (church) or polyphonic music,
excluding the secular (non-religious) monophonic songs of the troubadours, and
trouvères. However, sometimes the term "ars antiqua" is used more loosely to
mean all European music of the thirteenth century, and from slightly before.
The term 'ars antiqua' is used in opposition to ars nova (meaning "new art",
"new technique" or "new style"), which refers to the period of musical activity
between approximately 1310 and 1375.
c. 1200 - Pérotin develops 4 part harmonic polyphony at Notre-Dame de Paris.
He also develops rhythmic notation
[play] Goodall on Pérotin - 4 mins]
[play] Pérotin's Viderunt Omnes ('Everyone saw') - 5 mins]
[Play] Secular English Polyphony (c. 1240) - Sumer is Icumen in
("Summer is coming in")
(The Hilliard Ensemble) - 2 min.
Early Renaissance Art:
1267 - 1337 - Giotto de Bondone, the proto-Renaissance painter develops three dimensional
art and adds human expressions to faces in paintings.
c. 1300 - Nascent capitalism begins. A new middle class of merchants and bankers
will develop between the nobility and the peasant class. This will have
profound affects on Europe in the coming centuries.
c. 1300 - The Late Middle Ages begin...
1310 - 1377 - Ars Nova (The "New Art")
A musical style which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in
the Late Middle Ages: more particularly, in the period between the preparation of
the Roman de Fauvel (1310s) and the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut
in 1377. The term is sometimes used more generally to refer to all European poly-
Summary of the Middle Ages:
1. The first music of the Middle Ages in Christian Plainchant, which is sung in unison.
2. Charlemagne spreads plainchant throughout the Carolingian Empire.
3. By the 8th century harmony develops on the 4th or 5th harmonies of a note. Parallel organum.
4. Guido of Arezzo develops the musical staff. Modern musical notation begins.
5. The Aquitaine troubadours develop artistic music in the 1100s based on the music of the
Usually the term "ars antiqua" is restricted to sacred (church) or polyphonic music,
excluding the secular (non-religious) monophonic songs of the troubadours, and
trouvères. However, sometimes the term "ars antiqua" is used more loosely to
mean all European music of the thirteenth century, and from slightly before.
The term 'ars antiqua' is used in opposition to ars nova (meaning "new art",
"new technique" or "new style"), which refers to the period of musical activity
between approximately 1310 and 1375.
c. 1200 - Pérotin develops 4 part harmonic polyphony at Notre-Dame de Paris.
He also develops rhythmic notation
[play] Goodall on Pérotin - 4 mins]
[play] Pérotin's Viderunt Omnes ('Everyone saw') - 5 mins]
[Play] Secular English Polyphony (c. 1240) - Sumer is Icumen in
("Summer is coming in")
(The Hilliard Ensemble) - 2 min.
Early Renaissance Art:
1267 - 1337 - Giotto de Bondone, the proto-Renaissance painter develops three dimensional
art and adds human expressions to faces in paintings.
c. 1300 - Nascent capitalism begins. A new middle class of merchants and bankers
will develop between the nobility and the peasant class. This will have
profound affects on Europe in the coming centuries.
c. 1300 - The Late Middle Ages begin...
1310 - 1377 - Ars Nova (The "New Art")
A musical style which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in
the Late Middle Ages: more particularly, in the period between the preparation of
the Roman de Fauvel (1310s) and the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut
in 1377. The term is sometimes used more generally to refer to all European poly-
phonic music of the 14th century. For instance, "Italian ars nova" is sometimes used
to denote the music of Francesco Landini and his compatriots (although
Trecento music is the more common term for music in Italy). The "ars" in
"ars nova" can be read as "technique", or "style"
14th Century - Secular music surpasses Sacred music in popularity.
What is a motet?
Guillaume Machaut motet - Quant en Moy (English text) - 3 mins]
What are the Formes fixes?
The formes fixes are the three 14th- and 15th-century French poetic forms:
the ballade, rondeau, and virelai. Each was also a musical form, generally a chanson,
and all consisted of a complex pattern of repetition of verses and a refrain with musical
content in two main sections.
All three forms can be found in 13th-century sources, but a 15th-century source
gives Philippe de Vitry as their first composer while the first comprehensive repertory
of these forms was written by Guillaume de Machaut. The formes fixes stopped being
used in music around the end of the 15th century, although their influence continued
(in poetry they, especially the rondeau, continued to be used).
1300 - 1377 - Guillaume de Machaut of Reims, was the most important composer
of the 14th century.
Machaut wrote the Messe de Nostre Dame, the earliest known complete
setting of the Ordinary of the Mass attributable to a single composer and
helped develop the motet and secular song forms like the rondeaux
and ballade.
[Machaut's Messe de Nostre Dame - Agnus Dei ] by 1365 (5 mins)
1315 - 1317 - The Great Famine kills millions of people in Europe.
1347 - 1351 - The Black Death (the Plague)
1337 - 1453 - The Hundred Years' War
1378 - 1417 - The Western Schism (two popes, Rome & Avignon)
1453 - The Fall of Constantinople
The capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman empire) falls
to the Ottoman Empire. It is renamed Istanbul. Scholars flee to
western Europe bringing ancient learning long lost to the West.
to denote the music of Francesco Landini and his compatriots (although
Trecento music is the more common term for music in Italy). The "ars" in
"ars nova" can be read as "technique", or "style"
14th Century - Secular music surpasses Sacred music in popularity.
What is a motet?
Guillaume Machaut motet - Quant en Moy (English text) - 3 mins]
What are the Formes fixes?
The formes fixes are the three 14th- and 15th-century French poetic forms:
the ballade, rondeau, and virelai. Each was also a musical form, generally a chanson,
and all consisted of a complex pattern of repetition of verses and a refrain with musical
content in two main sections.
All three forms can be found in 13th-century sources, but a 15th-century source
gives Philippe de Vitry as their first composer while the first comprehensive repertory
of these forms was written by Guillaume de Machaut. The formes fixes stopped being
used in music around the end of the 15th century, although their influence continued
(in poetry they, especially the rondeau, continued to be used).
1300 - 1377 - Guillaume de Machaut of Reims, was the most important composer
Machaut wrote the Messe de Nostre Dame, the earliest known complete
setting of the Ordinary of the Mass attributable to a single composer and
helped develop the motet and secular song forms like the rondeaux
and ballade.
[Machaut's Messe de Nostre Dame - Agnus Dei ] by 1365 (5 mins)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1315 - 1317 - The Great Famine kills millions of people in Europe.
1347 - 1351 - The Black Death (the Plague)
1337 - 1453 - The Hundred Years' War
1378 - 1417 - The Western Schism (two popes, Rome & Avignon)
1453 - The Fall of Constantinople
The capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman empire) falls
to the Ottoman Empire. It is renamed Istanbul. Scholars flee to
western Europe bringing ancient learning long lost to the West.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary of the Middle Ages:
1. The first music of the Middle Ages in Christian Plainchant, which is sung in unison.
2. Charlemagne spreads plainchant throughout the Carolingian Empire.
3. By the 8th century harmony develops on the 4th or 5th harmonies of a note. Parallel organum.
4. Guido of Arezzo develops the musical staff. Modern musical notation begins.
5. The Aquitaine troubadours develop artistic music in the 1100s based on the music of the
Spanish moors, particularly their rhythms. Their influence spreads to northern France, Italy,
Spain, and Germany.
6. c. 1200, Pérotin introduces rhythm into sacred music, along with rhythmic notation. He also
6. c. 1200, Pérotin introduces rhythm into sacred music, along with rhythmic notation. He also
creates four part harmony and polyphony.
7. Guillaume de Machaut writes the first complete mass. c. 1365.
7. Guillaume de Machaut writes the first complete mass. c. 1365.
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